The degree of inefficient use of inputs is reported via the definitions of Input Inefficiency Measure (IIM) and the Ratio of Inefficient usage of Inputs to Total Deadweight Loss (RITD). Findings The author discovers that the area under the supply curve of the competitive market corresponds precisely to the minimum total costs of producing any.
- Tax inefficiency. Affects only rents and tariffs of all the player's fiefs. Tax inefficiency depends on how many fiefs you personally own, and the campaign AI setting. You can hold certain amount of fiefs before tax inefficiency kicks in, and each fief increases inefficiency by a percent. The maximum efficiency loss on any difficulty is 65%.
- Tax inefficiency occurs when your total fiefs exceed a certain amount ( I think by default its 4), and as far as I know your stats don't alter it. It's incentive to hand out fiefs to vassals so you never are overflowing with cash. Remember if you hand out a fief to a vassal they recruit their own armies.
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Ngày gia nhập: : 31/12/2011
| Tiêu đề: Các tool cần thiết cho người mới bắt đầu mod M&B Sat Dec 31, 2011 9:35 pm |
Đây là nơi tập hợp các tool dành cho các newbie mới tập tành mod nhé, những cái phức tạp như module system mình sẽ lập topic khác 1. TweakMB Đây là một tool chỉnh sửa đơn giản với các chức năng chính bao gồm :
Sau khi add các item và chỉnh sửa các faction, troop và các nhân vật thì đây là tool rất hữu dụng nếu bạn muốn chỉnh sửa các yếu tố trong game
2. Morgh's Editor Một tool cực hữu dụng, không thể thiếu và bắt buộc phải có với những người lần đầu tập mod game. Với tool này bạn có thể làm được nhiều thứ từ cơ bản nhất là add item cho đến chỉnh sửa item, troop, faction, parties,..Nói tóm lại là nếu bạn là newbie thì tool này bạn nên tải đầu tiên
Đây là tool dùng để xem, chỉnh sửa đơn giản các model trong mod. Ngoài ra nó còn kiểm tra bug về resource và texture cho bạn. Nói chung là phải có, vì nếu ko biết rõ tên mesh thì sẽ ko add được item bằng tool thứ 2.
4. Thorgrim Map Editor Đây là tool edit map phổ biết nhất, mặc dù đã ngừng phát triển từ 2008 và không hỗ trợ warband và chỉ chạy trên bản gốc 1.011 nhưng với khả năng edit và tinh chỉnh dễ dàng nên tool này vẫn được dùng để edit map đến tận bây giờ mà vẫn chưa có kẻ thay thế. Để edit map bạn cần down bản 1.011 (ko cần crack) và khi bạn edit xong thì copy 2 file map.txt và parties.txt rồi chép đè lên mod của bạn là bạn có map mới.
5. Tool Việt hóa M&B - tác giả ducphamhoang Đây là tool để việt hóa M&B do bạn ducphamhoang bên Minigame.vn làm. Cần có .Net Framework 2.0 để chạy
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Each firm in a competitive industry operates at a point where its MC becomes equal to the (exogenously given) price of the product. That is why the short-run supply curve of a competitive industry is the horizontal summation of the short-run supply curves (or the short-run MC curves on and above the minimum AVC) of individual firms.
Therefore, a competitive industry operates at a point where price equals marginal cost. A monopolized industry, on the other hand, operates where price is greater than MC. Thus, in general, price will be higher and output lower under monopoly than under competition.
We may illustrate the point with the help of Fig, 11.20. In this figure, DD is the demand curve for the product of a competitive industry, and EMC is the industry's supply curve. Therefore, the market (demand = supply) equilibrium point will be Ec, which is the point of intersection between the DD and the IMC curves.
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At this point, the price of the product will be pc = opc and the quantity demanded and supplied will be qc = oqc. All the firms would operate at their respective p = MC points. Let us now assume that the competitive industry with all its firms becomes monopolized under a single owner, i.e., the competitive industry now becomes a multi-plant monopoly.
The demand curve DD for the product now becomes the AR curve of the monopolist and its corresponding marginal curve is given by MR in Fig. 11.20.
Now, in order to minimise the cost of production of any particular quantity of output, the monopolist would have to distribute the production of that quantity over the different plants in such a way that MC in each plant may become the same, and this MC would be the MC of that particular quantity of output.
Understood in this way, the MC of any particular quantity of output produced by the multi-plant monopolist would be given by the curve EMC of Fig. 11.20, which is the horizontal summation of the MC curves of individual plants.
The profit-maximising equilibrium point of the monopolist in this case would be the point of intersection (Em) between the MR and the ∑MC curves. At this point, the output of the monopolist would be qm = Oqm which would be less than the competitive output qc = Oqc and the price charged by the monopolist would be pm = Opm which is greater than MC (= Em qm) and which is greater than the competitive price (pc).
Since the price under monopoly is greater and output lower than under competition, the consumers would always be worse off in a monopolistic industry than in one under perfect competition. Riso comcolor 7050 drivers mac. But a portion of the consumers' loss would be converted into the gain of the industry.
This can be seen in Fig. 11.20. Here, as we move from competition to monopoly, i.e., as the equilibrium (p, q) combination moves from (pc, qc) to (pm, qm), the consumers' surplus diminishes by □pcpmAEc Spyro year of the dragon greatest hits iso file. (from □TpcE,. to □TpmA) and of this, □pcpmAB is converted into the producer's surplus under monopoly.
Producer's surplus, □SpcEc, decreases by □BEmEc and increases by □pcpmAB. Taking both the industry's gain and the consumers' loss into consideration, it is not clear which would be the better arrangement for the society—competition or monopoly, unless we make a value judgement about the relative welfare of the consumers and of the owners of the industry.
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However, we may argue against monopoly on grounds of efficiency alone. An economic arrangement is Pareto-efficient if there is no way to make anyone better off without making somebody else worse off. We shall now see that the level of output under monopoly is not Pareto-efficient.
Let us remember that at any point on the demand curve of a monopoly firm like DD in Fig. 11.20, the price p stands for how much people are willing to pay for the marginal unit of the good.
Since p is greater than MC for all output levels between qm and qc, there is a whole range of output (i.e., between qm and qc) where people are willing to pay more for the marginal unit of output than it costs to produce it. Clearly, there is a case for a Pareto improvement here.
Warband Loss Due To Tax Inefficiency Rate
For example, let us consider the situation at the monopoly level of output qm. Since p(qm) > MC (qm), we know that there is someone who is willing to pay more for an extra unit of output than it costs to produce that extra unit. Let us suppose that the firm produces an extra unit and sells it to this person at any price p where p(qm) > p > MC(qm).
Then this consumer is made better off because he was just willing to pay p(qm) for that unit of consumption, and it was sold for p < p (qm). Black ops 2 zombies for mac free download. Similarly, it cost the monopolist MC(qm) to produce that extra unit of output and he sold it for p > MC(qm).
Warband Loss Due To Tax Inefficiency Meaning
If all the other units of output are being sold for the same price as before, then from the sale of the extra unit, both sides of the market—the buyers' side and the sellers' side— are better off and no one else is made worse off. Therefore, we have found here a Pareto improvement. That is, the usual monopoly solution (pm, qm) is Pareto-ineflicient.
The reason for this inefficiency of monopoly is this. In the case of competition, price is constant irrespective of output, making MR at any output a constant and equal top. So the firm's profit maximising p = MR = MC point is also the Pareto-efficient p = MC point.
On the other hand, since the AR curve of the monopolist is downward sloping, the extra revenue (MR) obtained from selling the marginal unit of output is not equal to, but less than, the price of that unit (i.e., MR < p). That is why, in monopoly, the firm's profit maximising MR = MC point is a Pareto-inefficient p > MC point.
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